Cataract surgery is done in patients who suffer a decrease in vision to an extent that it impairs normal life activities. While some time can be bought by non-surgical methods the mainstay of treatment is surgery. The clouded lens is removed and replaced with new transparent artificial lenses called intraocular lenses.

intraocular lenses or IOLs are placed inside the eye for life unless there is some reason to remove them. They do not breakdown. They do not need a replacement.

This requires meticulous surgery and following aftercare instructions as given by the operating doctor following surgery.

Intraocular lenses or IOLs are permanent, artificial lenses used to restore both near and distant vision. Usually they are used in cataract surgery to replace the diseased natural crystalline lens. There are other uses of intraocular lenses also like hakic IOLs, aniridia lenses, etc.

Monofocal, multifocal, extended depth of focus and toric IOLs are common. Other types like accommodative and phakic IOLs are less commonly used.

Monofocal intraocular lenses are most popularly implanted. Monofocal lenses sharpen only one focal length -far, intermediate, or near focus and they do not correct astigmatism.

The posterior capsule present behind the implanted intraocular lens can become opaque with resultant loss of vision. A laser procedure called neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser Posterior Capsulotomy can cut through the opacity to reduce the obstruction.

Actual ange is many times that but broadly they are talked of as monofocal, toric, and presbyopic-correcting intraocular lenses.

Actual ange is many times that but broadly they are talked of as monofocal, toric, and presbyopic-correcting intraocular lenses.

Multifocal lenses focus the distance and near objects. Both multifocal and accommodating intraocular lenses provide focus of both distance and near objects while monofocal intraocular lenses focus at one focal point and usually they are used to focus so as to correct distance vision.

Extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) is a new intraocular lens (IOL) technology in the treatment of presbyopia. In contrast to multifocal (MF) IOLs, EDOF lenses create a single elongated focal point, rather than several foci, to enhance depth of focus.

Compared to multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) which create several foci, EDOF lenses work by creating a single elongated focal point to enhance “range of vision” or “depth of focus”.

Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) have a geometry to correct the cylinder and are the procedure of choice to correct corneal astigmatism of 1 D or more in cases undergoing cataract surgery.

It may take them three days, three months or six months to adjust and learn how to adapt to the changed vision after toric intraocular lens IOL surgery.

Presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs) include multifocal IOLs (MFIOLs) and extended depth of field (EDOF) IOLs and the accommodative IOLs.

Complex cataract surgery is a surgery used to treat cataracts in patients who suffer from various eye conditions or lens instability, which can be due to previous injury or trauma to the eyes. This necessitates more pre-operative preparation and a longer post-operative recovery period than a basic cataract surgery procedure.

Who will require a complex procedure is decided by an eye surgeon during an eye exam.

A complex cataract surgery is required for patients who, aside from cataracts, also suffer from the following conditions:

• Trauma to eyes
• Glaucoma (either lens-induced or phacomorphic)
• High corneal astigmatism
• Floppy iris syndrome
• Lens subluxation
• Pre-operative phacodonesis
• Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
• Corneal swelling
• Fuchs’ dystrophy
• Genetic corneal disorders
• Active uveitis
• Severe ocular abnormalities
• Macular degeneration

There can be specific symptoms like blurring of vision or nonspecific ones. So annual examination for diabetics is advised.

If the blood sugar level changes quickly from high to normal to low, there I pulling out of water from the lens changing its shape. the shape of the lens affects vision which may become blurred. The vision goes back to normal when blood sugar stabilizes. Sometimes that may not happen and water osmosis into the lens can cause swelling of the eye lens and even cataract leading to blurred vision.

Damage caused by diabetic retinopathy is usually permanent. However, sugar control may initially cause some improvement and also in some specific configurations of exudates. While the condition may not be fully reversible, but some interventions can restore vision or at least delay the worsening.

So, remember that some treatments can return your vision but most can prevent your vision from worsening, so let your doctor help you make an informed decision.

In initial part of condition yes. The ophthalmologist, armed with an accurate diagnosis can prescribe care and treatment to cure and prevent injuries. He will report on your capacity to drive at each time and will inform you if you need to avoid driving at night, at dawn and at nightfall or give it up altogether.

To retard progress of a developing diabetic retinopathy one needs to keep blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control by making healthy lifestyle choices and necessary medication.

The frequency of the Anti VEGF eye injections depends on the condition, the severity of retinal swelling, and the potency of the medication used. Some may be repeated administered every 4-6 weeks and every 3 months to maximize the efficiency of the therapy. Your ophthalmologist will advise you which injection in what frequency is best for your condition. It is a matrix which is changing fast due to a lot of studies coming in.

Laser photocoagulation is usually not painful. A slight stinging sensation or see brief flashes of light may be seen, however.

Diabetic retinopathy is best diagnosed with a comprehensive dilated eye exam. For this exam, eyedrops are used to dilate the pupils to allow the doctor to see inside your eyes.

The eyedrops can lead to near vision blur until the effect wears off in a period of some hours.

Optical coherence tomography exam is a type of living tissue cross section slide. It can detect fluid in the retina and pick up on signs of damage that could indicate diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or macular degeneration.

An OCT exam is non-invasive. It is painless. The patient sits on the chair and places the chin onto a chin rest and looks at a target like a blinking dot or a small picture. The OCT machine scans the eye without touching it

• macular hole.
• macular pucker.
• macular edema.
• age-related macular degeneration.
• glaucoma.
• central serous retinopathy.
• diabetic retinopathy.
• vitreous traction.

Fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic test. A fundus camera photographs the retina repeatedly after a water-soluble dye has been injected through a antecubital vein in your elbow. This dye travels through the veins, heart and the arteries circulating in the blood stream. Special lighting is used to take a series of photographs of the retina. It can show things like anatomic change and leaking areas.

It is an invasive test and is done with all precautions. The pain of a pin prick may be there as the cannula is inserted and the dye is injected. After that there is no pain. The photography is painless.

It is used for examining the eyes for corneal abrasions, measuring pressure and testing for dry eyes. A slight stinging sensation can occur when the dye is applied. A few moments later it feels like normal water and no stinging or discomfort is felt.

We advise patients not to drive after the test until the effects of the mydriatic eye drops, used to make your pupil larger, have worn off.

Depending upon the agent used, it can take upto 6 hours but in some cases the effects may linger on till the next day. Apart from this, there are no contraindications to driving a vehicle. Some patients may experience a change in colour perception and highly coloured urine.

The results show that 52.8% of all diabetic subjects complained of dry eye symptoms, as against 9.3% of the controls.

Uveitis in children. Uveitis is an inflammation of the inner parts of the eye. The causes of the condition vary. It could be due to infections, non-infectious causes, no known cause (idiopathic type) or a result of an injury or autoimmune process. This needs to be identified and handled cautiously as untreated uveitis can cause blindness.

Uveitis in children is less common but more of the dangerous variety than in adults; for example, a higher percentage (40% in children, 20% in adults) presents as posterior uveitis and even the anterior uveitis of certain conditions in children is devastating due to smouldering disease.

In many conditions the child will in fact “outgrow” the inflammation which may follow a waxing and waning course or a smouldering course. Eventually the uveitis will no longer be a problem but to reach this stage with no complications or vision loss is very nearly an impossible task.

Pediatric uveitis accounts for 5–10% of all uveitis. This differs from adult uveitis in being commonly asymptomatic and becoming chronic and damaging ocular structures. The diagnosis of paediatric uveitis gets delayed due to many reasons including challenges of completing a comprehensive examination in a child at every visit due to the preverbal age and unco-operative patient.

Pediatric uveitis accounts for 5–10% of all uveitis. This differs from adult uveitis in being commonly asymptomatic and becoming chronic and damaging ocular structures. The diagnosis of paediatric uveitis gets delayed due to many reasons including challenges of completing a comprehensive examination in a child at every visit due to the preverbal age and unco-operative patient.

This is an area where you let your rheumatologist decide in consultation with your ophthalmologist. An improved understanding of the growing array of medications is required for appropriate therapeutic choice. Methotrexate is now a first-line corticosteroid-sparing treatment but refractory uveitis, severe disease at onset, side effects, and intolerance may preclude its use in some patients.

Biologic therapies which target inflammatory mechanisms are alternative treatment regimens. Thet are becoming popular in clinical practice. TNF-α inhibitors like adalimumab and infliximab are often used for biologic therapy for children with severe uveitis at onset or methotrexate failure. Biologics like tocilizumab and abatacept are used in disease refractory to anti-TNF-α factors. Therapies targeting cell surface markers in the inflammatory cascade are also considered. However, the treatment has to be tailored to meet the needs of the individual patient.

Amblyopia can occur when the eye forgets how to see. This occurs when there is a major difference between the two eyes in their ability to focus. The most common causes of amblyopia are vision problems related to other conditions. It's important to treat these other conditions, or the brain starts relying on the eye with better vision, leading to amblyopia.

Amblyopia can occur when the eye forgets how to see. This occurs when there is a major difference between the two eyes in their ability to focus. The most common causes of amblyopia are vision problems related to other conditions. It's important to treat these other conditions, or the brain starts relying on the eye with better vision, leading to amblyopia.

Traditional belief was that the best results occur when treatment starts before age 7 (or upto 9 years age depending upon the cause ). Now studies have shown that older children also respond to therapy. Half of children between the ages of 7 and 17 respond to treatment. Treatment options depend on the cause of the lazy eye and how deep the amblyopia is.

Patching, eyedrops and corrective eyewear may be prescribed.

Screen all children aged 3 to 5 years at least once to identify amblyopia or its risk factors. When abnormalities are identified, refer children for formal visual testing.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease occurring in prematurely born neonates or who weigh less than 2500 grams at birth or have multiple risk factor for the condition.

Abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina and then they pull the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye inwards in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) depending on the severity of disease and promptness of the treatment.

The first ROP screening should take place by 25-30 days of life.

All eligible babies should also be screened before discharge even if this is early.

The first ROP screening should take place by 25-30 days of life.

All eligible babies should also be screened before discharge even if this is early.

Screening should take place in the SNCU/NICU for inpatients and a facility with adequate provisions